Um capítulo esquecido na história da psicologia? sexualidades desviantes, psicopatologia e normalidade / A forgotten chapter in the history of psychology? deviant sexualities, psychopathology, and normality / ¿Un capítulo olvidado en la historia de la psicología? sexualidades desviadas, psicopatología y normalidad

Este artigo tem como objetivo produzir uma análise histórica sobre as intersecções entre Psicologia e sexualidade desviantes da norma no Brasil, de fins do século XIX a meados da década de 1980. Esta temporalidade foi escolhida por abarcar o surgimento das pesquisas científicas sobre sexualidade e desvios sexuais, a consolidação dos estudos psicológicos sobre a temática e o processo mais recente de despatologização da homossexualidade. Em termos teóricos e metodológicos, foram adotados os pressupostos da História Social da Psicologia e da historiografia das homossexualidades no Brasil. Desse modo, buscou-se compreender como as ideias, concepções e práticas psicológicas foram mudando ao longo do tempo, em conexão com as transformações socioculturais e políticas que ocorreram durante o século XX. Para isto, foram utilizadas fontes primárias e secundárias de pesquisa com vistas à produção de interpretações sobre as conexões entre as ideias, os atores e os eventos narrados. Argumenta-se, ao longo do artigo, que as ideias e práticas psicológicas estão intrinsecamente conectadas aos contextos socioculturais e políticos de seu tempo, sendo os movimentos dinâmicos e os conflitos presentes nesses contextos fatores determinantes para a sua constituição.(AU)

This article aims to produce a historical analysis of the intersections between Psychology and sexualities that deviate from the norm in Brazil, from the late 19th century to the mid-1980s. This period was chosen because it encompasses the emergence of scientific research on sexuality and sexual deviations, the consolidation of psychological studies on the subject and the most recent process of de-pathologization of homosexuality. Theoretically and methodologically, the assumptions of the Social History of Psychology and the historiography of homosexualities in Brazil were adopted. Therefore, we sought to understand how psychological ideas, conceptions and practices have changed over time, in connection with the sociocultural and political transformations that occurred throughout the 20th century. For this, primary and secondary sources of research were used to produce interpretations about the connections between the ideas, the actors and the narrated events. It is argued, throughout the article, that the psychological ideas and practices are intrinsically connected to the sociocultural and political contexts of their time, being the dynamic movements and conflicts present in these contexts determining factors for their constitution.(AU)

Este artículo tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis histórico de las intersecciones entre la Psicología y las sexualidades desviadas de la norma en Brasil desde finales del siglo XIX hasta mediados de la década de 1980. Esta temporalidad fue elegida por abarcar el surgimiento de las investigaciones científicas sobre sexualidad y desvíos sexuales, la consolidación de los estudios psicológicos sobre el tema y el más reciente proceso de despatologización de la homosexualidad. En el marco teórico y metodológico, se adoptaron los presupuestos de la Historia Social de la Psicología y de la historiografía de las homosexualidades en Brasil. De esta manera, se pretende comprender cómo las ideas, concepciones y prácticas psicológicas han cambiado a lo largo del tiempo, en conexión con las transformaciones socioculturales y políticas ocurridas durante el siglo XX. Para ello, se utilizaron las fuentes de investigación primarias y secundarias con miras a generar interpretaciones sobre las conexiones entre las ideas, los actores y los eventos narrados. Se argumenta, a lo largo de este artículo, que las ideas y las prácticas psicológicas están intrínsecamente conectadas a los contextos socioculturales y políticos de su tiempo, y los movimientos dinámicos y los conflictos presentes en estos contextos fueron los factores determinantes para su constitución.(AU)

Endorsement of Feminist Beliefs, Openness, and Mindful Acceptance as Predictors of Decreased Transphobia.

The inclusion of transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) individuals in feminist theory, discourse, and activism is fraught with controversy. Given this historical tension within various feminism movements, the current study sought to understand the nature of the relationship between endorsement of feminist beliefs and transphobia, and whether the specific individual-level factors such as openness to experience and mindful acceptance, moderate such a relationship. Analyzing data from a sample of n = 211 participants recruited from the Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) platform, the regression analyses indicate both endorsement of feminist beliefs and openness to experience are independent inverse predictors of transphobia, net of other variables in the regression models. However, openness to experience does not moderate the relationship between endorsement of feminist beliefs and transphobia. Further, mindful acceptance was not a significant predictor or moderating variable regarding transphobia. For the feminist community, this is an important contribution as it supports the idea that feminist attitudes may be inclusive of TGNC identities, along with the individual personality facet of openness to experience. Limitations and future directions are discussed.

Affective responses to non-sexual imagery depicting gay men and lesbian women.

When examining negative attitudes and behaviors directed toward gay men and lesbian women (i.e., homonegativity), researchers tend to use measures that require participants to respond to belief statements. This methodology is problematic for two reasons: 1) it focuses on the social categories "gay men" and "lesbian women" and ignores the practices of relational intimacy engaged in by gay and lesbian persons (practices that, arguably, are at the crux of homonegativity); and 2) it overlooks the affective responses that sexual minorities evoke in heterosexual people. These issues were tackled in the current study. Specifically, heterosexual participants (N = 241) were asked to report their affective state using six basic emotions while viewing photos depicting male-male, female-female, and heterosexual couples. Findings demonstrated that participants, regardless of gender, reacted most negatively to images of female-female couples engaging in everyday intimacies. Theoretical explanations for these findings are explored.

Atenção integral à saúde da população LGBT: Experiência de educação em saúde com agentes comunitários na atenção básica / Integral health care of LGBT population: Health education experience with community agents in basic attention / Atención integral la salud de la población LGBT: Experiencia de educación en salud con agentes comunitarios en la atención básica

Objetivo: Relatar uma experiência de educação em saúde com agentes comunitários de saúde acerca da saúde da população LGBT na atenção básica. Métodos: Foi realizada uma ação de educação continuada por meio do estudo de casos escolhidos pelos agentes de saúde dentro de suas microáreas de atuação seguida de discussão em grupo e reflexão sobre as práticas vigentes. Resultados: Foram discutidos três casos apresentados pelos agentes de saúde que abordavam as temáticas de: (1) a escola e o preconceito; (2) a importância do apoio familiar e social; e (3) o papel da estratégia saúde da família e da educação em saúde. Percebeu-se que o tema permanece excluído das grandes discussões, sobretudo nas escolas médicas e na atenção básica, que é o primeiro contato do usuário com o Sistema Único de Saúde. Dessa forma, estratégias que objetivem discutir as peculiaridades da prevenção, promoção e assistência à saúde desses grupos devem ser estimuladas e reproduzidas tendo em vista uma melhor qualidade do atendimento a fim de captar esses pacientes em um ambiente favorável a práticas integrativas com respeito à diversidade sexual. Conclusão: Conclui-se que a atividade educacional realizada foi de extrema importância para desmistificar mitos e preconceitos envolvendo a saúde LGBT no cenário da atenção básica. Observou-se que após a atividade educacional os ACS se mostraram mais confiantes e sensibilizados sobre as temáticas abordadas e mudaram concepções no sentido de respeitar as decisões dos pacientes e realizar abordagem adequada para o acolhimento a esses usuários.

Objective: To report a health education experience with community health agents about the health of the LGBT population in basic care. Methods: A continuous education action was carried out by means of the study of cases chosen by health agents within their micro-areas of action followed by group discussion and reflection on current practices. Results: Three cases presented by the health agents that dealt with the themes of: (1) school and prejudice; (2) the importance of family and social support; and (3) the role of family health strategy and health education. It was noticed that the theme remains excluded from the great discussions, especially in medical schools and primary care, the first contact with the Brazilian health system (SUS), thus strategies that aim to discuss the peculiarities of prevention, promotion and health care of these groups should be stimulated and reproduced with a view to a better quality of care in order to capture these patients in an environment favorable to integrative practices with respect to sexual diversity. Conclusion: It was concluded that the educational activity performed was extremely important to demystify myths and prejudices involving LGBT health in the primary care setting. It was observed that after the educational activity the CHAs were more confident and sensitized on the topics addressed and changed conceptions in order to respect the decisions of the patients and to carry out an appropriate approach to the reception of these users.

Objetivo: Informar una experiencia de educación en salud con agentes comunitarios de salud acerca de la salud de la población LGBT en la atención básica. Métodos: Se realizó una acción de educación continuada por medio del estudio de casos escogidos por los agentes de salud dentro de sus microáreas de actuación seguido de discusión en grupo y reflexión sobre las prácticas vigentes. Resultados: Hemos discutido tres casos presentados por los funcionarios de salud que abordaron los siguientes temas: (1) la escuela y el prejuicio; (2) la importancia del apoyo familiar y social; y (3) el papel de la estrategia sanitaria de la familia y de la educación en salud. Se percibió que el tema permanece excluido de las grandes discusiones, sobre todo en las escuelas médicas. Estrategias que objetiven discutir las peculiaridades de la promoción y asistencia a la salud de esos grupos deben ser estimuladas teniendo en vista una mejor calidad de la atención a fin de captar esos pacientes en un ambiente favorable a prácticas integrativas con respecto a la diversidad sexual. Conclusión: Se concluye que la actividad educativa realizada fue de extrema importancia para desmitificar mitos y prejuicios involucrando la salud LGBT en el escenario de la atención básica. Se observó que después de la actividad educativa los ACS se mostraron más confiados y sensibilizados sobre las temáticas abordadas y cambiaron concepciones en el sentido de respetar las decisiones de los pacientes y realizar un abordaje adecuado para la acogida a esos usuarios.

"A Whole Bunch of Love the Sinner Hate the Sin": LGBTQ Microaggressions Experienced in Religious and Spiritual Context.

Research on microaggressions experienced by LGBTQ people has focused largely on a general understanding of this concept; however, no research exists that focuses exclusively on microaggressions that LGBTQ people face across religious and spiritual communities. The present study addressed this gap in the literature by using a qualitative method to allow LGBTQ people (N= 90) to directly report microaggressions that they have experienced within their religious and spiritual communities. Thematic analysis revealed three predominant themes: (1) LGBTQ identities as inauthentic; (2) religious/spiritual tolerance of LGBTQ Identities, and (3) LGBTQ and religious/spiritual identities as incompatible. Implications and future directions discussed.

Vulnerability, Harm, and Compromised Ethics Revealed by the Experiences of Queer Birthing Women in Rural Healthcare.

Phenomenological interviews with queer women in rural Nova Scotia reveal significant forms of trauma experienced during labour and birth. Situating the accounts of participants within both phenomenological and intersectional analyses reveals harms enabled by structurally embedded heteronormative and homophobic healthcare practices and policies. Our account illustrates the breadth and depth of harm experienced and outlines how these violate core ethical principles and values in healthcare.

The character of sexual function of women who have sex with women. / Specyfika funkcjonowania seksualnego kobiet utrzymujacych kontakty seksualne z kobietami.

This paper will discuss the character of sexual relationships between women, considering their social and cultural context. The problem is still little known also to experts dealing with mental and sexual health. This may have serious consequences for the process of correct diagnosis of sexuality-related issues reported by those women. The article focuses on selected factors that have an impact on the character of this group's sexual function. Those factors include sex, heteronormativity and homophobia, as well as social messages related to female sexuality and sexual relationships established by women. The authors take up and subject to critical examination also the issue of "lesbian bed death" and fusion in same-sex relationships established by women. Towards the end, there is a holistic model by Heather L. Armstrong and Elke D. Reissing that describes sexual problems of women who have sexual contact with other women. The authors consider the issues brought up herein to be significant from the clinical point of view. Acknowledgement thereof by professionals dealing with mental and sexual health may contribute to extensive reflection over sexual and relationship problems of women who have sex with women, as well as to providing more efficient help to this group.

The role of internalized homonegativity in the faith and psychological health of lesbians.

Among lesbians, faith-based beliefs and behaviors may be associated with negative psychological health due to the interplay between religious and sexual identities. The present study examined health outcomes, faith-based beliefs (views of God as loving and controlling), faith-based behaviors (personal spiritual practices, religious activities), and internalized homonegativity in a sample of 225 self-identified lesbians. We hypothesized that internalized homonegativity would moderate the relationship between health outcomes and faith-based beliefs and behaviors among lesbians. Generally, results indicated that some faith-based beliefs and behaviors were related to negative health outcomes among lesbians with higher levels of internalized homonegativity, but among those with lower levels of internalized homonegativity, the negative associations with health were mitigated.

Race/Ethnicity and Health-Related Quality of Life Among LGBT Older Adults.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Few existing studies have addressed racial/ethnic differences in the health and quality of life of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) older adults. Guided by the Health Equity Promotion Model, this study examines health-promoting and health risk factors that contribute to racial/ethnic health disparities among LGBT adults aged 50 and older. DESIGN AND METHODS: We utilized weighted survey data from Aging with Pride: National Health, Aging, and Sexuality/Gender Study. By applying multiple mediator models, we analyzed the indirect effects of race/ethnicity on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) via demographics, lifetime LGBT-related discrimination, and victimization, and socioeconomic, identity-related, spiritual, and social resources. RESULTS: Although African Americans and Hispanics, compared with non-Hispanic Whites, reported lower physical HRQOL and comparable psychological HRQOL, indirect pathways between race/ethnicity and HRQOL were observed. African Americans and Hispanics had lower income, educational attainment, identity affirmation, and social support, which were associated with a decrease in physical and psychological HRQOL. African Americans had higher lifetime LGBT-related discrimination, which was linked to a decrease in their physical and psychological HRQOL. African Americans and Hispanics had higher spirituality, which was associated with an increase in psychological HRQOL. IMPLICATIONS: Findings illustrate the importance of identifying both health-promoting and health risk factors to understand ways to maximize the health potential of racially and ethnically diverse LGBT older adults. Interventions aimed at health equity should be tailored to bolster identity affirmation and social networks of LGBT older adults of color and to support strengths, including spiritual resources.

Relações entre religiosidade e homossexualidade em jovens adultos religiosos / Las relaciones entre la religión y la homosexualidad en los adultos jóvenes / Relations between religiousness and homosexuality in religious young adults

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo é conhecer de que modo a homossexualidade tem sido compreendida por jovens adultos homossexuais praticantes de diferentes religiões. Foram entrevistados 11 participantes de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 20 e 30 anos, praticantes das religiões católica, espírita e evangélica. Os participantes responderam a uma entrevista semiestruturada, analisada pelo modelo bioecológico. A maior parte dos participantes relata que sua religião considera a homossexualidade como um "pecado" ou "doença". Entretanto, todos discordam de visões negativas sobre a homossexualidade. A maior parte dos participantes afirma possuir um relacionamento positivo com a comunidade religiosa, sendo que poucos relataram situações de desconforto ou discriminação. Observa-se que os elementos microssistêmicos relacionados à comunidade religiosa que frequentam, como movimentos de aceitação, acolhimento ou restrições, parecem ser mais significativos para o desenvolvimento pessoal que o conjunto de crenças que compõem o macrossistema religioso.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio es conocer cómo la homosexualidad ha sido entendida por adultos jóvenes homosexuales de distintas religiones. Once participantes de ambos sexos fueron entrevistados, con edades entre 20 y 30 años, practicantes de las religiones católica, protestante y espiritistas. Los participantes respondieron a una entrevista semiestructurada, analizada por el modelo bioecológico. La mayoría de los participantes reportan que su religión considera la homosexualidad como un "pecado" o "enfermedad". Sin embargo, todos discrepan de las opiniones negativas sobre la homosexualidad. La mayoría de los participantes afirma tener una relación positiva con la comunidad religiosa y pocos reportan situaciones de malestar o discriminación. Se observa que los elementos microsistémicos relacionados con la comunidad religiosa que participan, como movimientos de aceptación, acogida o restricciones parecen ser más significativos para el desarrollo personal que el conjunto de creencias que conforman el macrosistema religioso.

Abstract The aim of this study is to know how homosexuality has been understood by homosexual young adults from different religions. Eleven participants of both genders, aged between 20 and 30 years and practicing catholic, spiritualist or evangelical religions were interviewed. They answered to the semi-structured interview, analyzed by bioecological model. Most of the participants reported that their religion considers homosexuality as a "sin" or "disease". However, all of them disagree with negative views about homosexuality. Most of the participants claim to have a positive relationship with the religious community, and few reported cases of discomfort or discrimination. It is observed that the microsystem elements related to their religious community, such as movements of acceptance, welcoming or reserve, appear to be more significant for personal development than the set of beliefs that compose the religious macrosystem.

"It is what it is": masculinity, homosexuality, and inclusive discourse in mixed martial arts.

In this article we make use of inclusive masculinity theory to explore online media representations of male homosexuality and masculinity within the increasingly popular combat sport of mixed martial arts (MMA). Adopting a case-study approach, we discuss narratives constructed around one aspirational male MMA fighter, Dakota Cochrane, whose history of having participated in gay pornography became a major talking point on a number of MMA discussion/community Web sites during early 2012. While these narratives attempted to discursively rescue Cochrane's supposedly threatened masculinity, highlighting both his "true" heterosexuality and his prodigious fighting abilities, they also simultaneously celebrated the acceptance of homosexual men within the sport that Cochrane's case implied. Thus, we suggest that these media representations of homosexuality and masculinity within MMA are indicative of declining cultural homophobia and homohysteria and an inclusive vision of masculinity, as previously described by proponents of inclusive masculinity theory.

Emotional reactions of heterosexual men to gay imagery.

Studies of homonegativity in the general population typically use scales to examine the attitudes of a heterosexual sample toward gay men and lesbian women. However, these scales fail to address that accepting gay and lesbian people in theory is not tantamount to accepting the sexual practices engaged in by gay and lesbian people. As a result, relying on homonegativity scales and hypothetical scenarios (i.e., asking a participant to imagine a gay man or lesbian woman from personality characteristics provided) may not offer a complete view of the complexities of homonegativity. To explore this possibility, 83 men self-identifying as either largely or exclusively heterosexual rated one of three groups of images (romantic gay, erotic gay, and control) on the basis of five questions related to their emotional responses. A psychometrically sound homonegativity scale was also completed. Results indicated that homonegativity was a significant predictor of decreased happiness, anger, disgust, task enjoyment, and reported liking of the imagery. Furthermore, homonegativity was found to moderate the association between exposure to the romantic images and four of the five emotional responses (happiness, anger, disgust, and liking). Exposure to the set of erotic gay images, however, was associated with negative emotional responses, regardless of participants' self-reported level of homonegativity (i.e., overt homonegativity possessed less moderational power for this type of imagery). These findings suggest that standard scales of homonegative attitudes may be unable to capture the affective negativity that heterosexual men experience when viewing gay male intimacy.

The Last Bastion of Sexual and Gender Prejudice? Sexualities, Race, Gender, Religiosity, and Spirituality in the Examination of Prejudice Toward Sexual and Gender Minorities.

Prior research has reported that many Americans hold prejudicial attitudes toward sexual and gender minorities. Most of this research analyzed attitudes toward target categories in isolation and not in relation to attitudes toward heterosexuals. In addition, most previous research has not examined attitudes of members of sexual and gender minority categories toward other categories. While some research has examined the influence of religiosity on attitudes toward sexual and gender minorities, none of these studies has examined religiosity while also examining the influence of spirituality. In this article we drew on insights from queer theory to examine attitudes toward heterosexual, gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender individuals, as well as individuals who practice polygamy, among college students. Three samples gathered over a four-year period (2009, 2011, 2013) at a private, nonsectarian, midsized urban university in the Southeastern United States were used. We found that heterosexuals had the most positive rating, followed in order of rating by gay/lesbian, bisexual, and transgender individuals, and then those who practice polygamy. Regression analyses revealed gender and race were significant predictors of attitudes toward various sexual and gender categories. Holding a literalistic view of the Bible and self-identifying as more religious were related to more negative views toward sexual minorities, while self-identifying as more spiritual was related to more positive views.

Moving toward a holistic conceptual framework for understanding healthy aging among gay men.

In the last four decades, we have witnessed vast and important transitions in the social, economic, political, and health contexts of the lived experiences of gay men in the United States. This dynamic period, as evidenced most prominently by the transition of the gay rights movement to a civil rights movement, has shifted the exploration of gay men's health from one focusing primarily on HIV/AIDS into a mainstream consideration of the overall health and wellbeing of gay men. Against this backdrop, aging gay men in the United States constitute a growing population, for whom further investigations of health states and health-related disparities are warranted. In order to advance our understanding of the health and wellbeing of aging gay men, we outline here a multilevel, ecosocial conceptual framework that integrates salient environmental, social, psychosocial, and sociodeomgraphic factors into sets of macro-, meso-, and micro-level constructs that can be applied to comprehensively study health states and health care utilization in older gay men.

Motives and decisions for and against having children among nonheterosexuals and the impact of experiences of discrimination, internalized stigma, and social acceptance.

Same-sex parents are increasingly a topic of public discourse. A growing number of homosexuals openly speak about their desire to have children or are already living together in different family constellations. The current study examined the decisions for or against having children and the motivations behind those decisions among nonheterosexuals living in Germany. A sample of 1,283 nonheterosexuals participated by means of an online survey. As some nonheterosexual individuals do not identify themselves with a male or female gender identity, a third category, "gender different," was generated. Motives for (not) having children, perceptions of social acceptance, experiences of discrimination in relation to one's sexual orientation, and levels of internalized stigma were taken into account regarding their influence on the decision about parenthood. Most respondents (80%) reported that they did not have children. However, among this group, 43% stated that they had decided to have children later in their lives, 24% were undecided, and 11% had already decided against having children. The most important influences on the decision of whether to have children were respondents' age and their desire for emotional stabilization. Negative experiences as a result of sexual orientation and internalized stigma had no impact on the decisions regarding parenthood.

Female-to-male transmasculine adult health: a mixed-methods community-based needs assessment.

BACKGROUND: There is a dearth of health research about transgender people. OBJECTIVES: This mixed-methods study sought to formatively investigate the health and perceived health needs of female-to-male transmasculine adults. DESIGN: A cross-sectional quantitative needs assessment (n = 73) and qualitative open-ended input (n = 19) were conducted in June 2011. A latent class analysis modeled six binary health indicators (depression, alcohol use, current smoking, asthma, physical inactivity, overweight status) to identify clusters of presenting health issues. RESULTS: Four clusters of health indicators emerged: (a) depression; (b) syndemic (all indicators); (c) alcohol use, overweight status; and (d) smoking, physical inactivity, overweight status. Transphobic discrimination in health care and avoiding care were each associated with membership in the syndemic class. Qualitative themes included personal health care needs, community needs, and resilience and protective factors. CONCLUSIONS: Findings fill an important gap about the health of transmasculine communities, including the need for public health efforts that holistically address concomitant health concerns.

Política nacional de saúde integral de lésbicas, gays, Bissexuais, travestis e transexuais / National policy on comprehensive health of lesbians, gays, bisexuals and transsexuals / Politica nacional de salud integral de lesbianas, gays, bisexuales y transexuales

O direito à saúde no Brasil é fruto da luta do Movimento da Reforma Sanitária e está garantido naConstituição de 1988. No texto constitucional a saúde é entendida de maneira ampliada e nãoapenas como assistência médico sanitária. Nesta concepção, saúde é decorrente do acesso daspessoas e coletividades aos bens e serviços públicos oferecidos pelas políticas sociais universais.A Saúde, a Previdência e a Assistência Social integram o Sistema de Seguridade Social e estaconquista representa o compromisso e a responsabilidade do Estado com o bem-estar dapopulação (BRASIL, 1988, art. 194). Na perspectiva de difundir os direitos das pessoas e das populações em relação à saúde, oMinistério da Saúde publicou a Carta dos Direitos dos Usuários da Saúde (BRASIL, 2006), queexplicita os direitos e deveres dos usuários contidos na legislação do Sistema Único de Sáude(SUS). Essa ferramenta, que buscou contemplar as especificidades dos diversos grupossociais, está disponível a toda a população e possibilita a discussão qualificada em torno dodireito à saúde.A Política LGBT é uma iniciativa para a construção de mais equidade no SUS. O compromisso doMinistério da Saúde com a redução das desigualdades constitui uma das bases do Programa MaisSaúde – Direito de Todos – (BRASIL, 2008), lançado em 2008 e que visa à reorientação daspolíticas de saúde com o objetivo de ampliar o acesso a ações e serviços de qualidade. EssePrograma, espelhando essa política, apresenta metas específicas para promover ações deenfrentamento das iniquidades e desigualdades em saúde com destaques para grupospopulacionais de negros, quilombolas, LGBT, ciganos, prostitutas, população em situação de rua,entre outros.A Política LGBT tem como marca o reconhecimento dos efeitos da discriminação e da exclusão noprocesso de saúde-doença da população LGBT...

"Treating" prejudice: an exposure-therapy approach to reducing negative reactions toward stigmatized groups.

One of the ways in which therapists treat anxiety disorders is to expose patients to a fear-evoking stimulus within a safe environment before encouraging more positive stimulus-related thoughts. In the study reported here, we adapted these psychotherapeutic principles of exposure therapy to test the hypothesis that imagining a positive encounter with a member of a stigmatized group would be more likely to promote positive perceptions when it was preceded by an imagined negative encounter. The results of three experiments targeting a range of stigmatized groups (adults with schizophrenia, gay men, and British Muslims) supported this hypothesis. Compared with purely positive interventions, interventions in which a single negative encounter was imagined just prior to imagining a positive encounter resulted in significantly reduced prejudice. Furthermore, reduced anxiety uniquely derived from the mixed-valence imagery task statistically explained enhanced intentions to engage positively with the previously stigmatized group in the future.